Dr. Abram Zalmanov graduated from three medical universities in Russia, Germany and Italy, participated in two wars, was Lenin's personal doctor, developed his own methodology for treating complex diseases, wrote three books translated into dozens of languages, and drove the writer Alexei Tolstoy on a chain for a sanitary train . We tell the story of this amazing person.
Dangerous Leninist Mandate
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Vladimir Lenin
At the end of July 1919, the representative of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR Abram Solomonovich Zalmanov arrived in Simferopol with an important mission - he was entrusted with the implementation of Lenin's decree “On medical areas of national importance”. An experienced doctor, general of medical services, Zalmanov was supposed to restore the Crimean hospitals destroyed by the war.
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In 1919, power in the Crimea passed from hand to hand almost every month - and while Zalmanov and his nephew traveled from Moscow to Simferopol through Russia covered by the Civil War, the white army occupied the peninsula.
The first thing that Abram Solomonovich and Misha Shtikh saw at the train station in Simferopol was the Cossack patrol, which checked all passengers' documents. While Misha wondered what kind of lantern they would be hung on — two Jews with Lenin’s mandate in his bosom — his uncle, a sharp, brave and smart man, decided that in their situation the attack would be the best defense. Having caught up with the patrol, Zalmanov began to loudly resent the fact of the check and demanded to take them to the officer. Cossacks, taken aback, obeyed. “We are doctors from Moscow,” Zalmanov told the officer, “and I give you the word of an intelligent person, we have no documents. Do you believe the word of an intelligent person? ” The officer believed.
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Of course, Zalmanov did not succeed in implementing the decree in Crimea: the war was in full swing there. He and his nephew were stuck on the island for a whole year, several times tried to return to Moscow through Georgia, but all attempts failed. The Reds occupied Crimea in the autumn of 1920, after which the physical destruction of all the "class enemies of the revolution" began, which went down in history as the "Red Terror" - they slaughtered everyone who did not manage to leave the country by sea. Among those who fled from the Crimea at that time was a promising poet, twenty-year-old Petersburger Vladimir Nabokov.
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Doctor of People's Health Abram Zalmanov returned to Moscow only in November 1920. And exactly one year later he left again. Forever.
Madrid Lisbon
Abram (Alexander) Zalmanov was born on June 20, 1875 in Gomel, in the family of a wealthy merchant Solomon Zalmanov. In the second half of the 20th century, a gold medal upon graduation from a gymnasium was a prerequisite for a Jew entering a higher educational institution. In addition, there was a “three percent rate law” in each university, that is, the number of Jewish students should not exceed 3% of the total number of students. At the same time, Jews without higher education were forbidden to live in the capital and large cities.
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Abram Solomonovich brilliantly graduated from high school and entered the medical faculty of Moscow University. In the fourth year, dissatisfied with the quality of teaching, he transferred to the first year of law. In parallel, he attended lectures on Russian history, general history and comparative linguistics at the Faculty of Philology. Russian history at Moscow University was then taught by Vasily Klyuchevsky.
To pay for his studies, Zalmanov worked as a forensic chronicler, a supervisor in trains near Moscow, a construction foreman and an author of amateur plays, and composed parodies of teachers under the pseudonym Madrid of Lisbon.
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In 1899, he took part in the organization of an all-Russian student strike (the first step on the way to meeting Lenin), he was arrested and sent to prison for several weeks. “Fortunately,” he wrote, recalling his prison experience, “the library had many good French works that allowed me to improve my language and not lose time.”
Zalmanov was fluent in French, English, German and Italian
After his release, he went to German Heidelberg, where he completed his education, and in 1901 received the first of three medical degrees. He will receive the second in Kharkov in two years, the third - in Italy in ten years. In 1903, Zalmanov was an assistant at Heidelberg University for eighteen months, and then head of the department at the clinic with Professor Wilhelm Erb, the largest neuropathologist of the time.
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Every year for several months Zalmanov interrupted his medical studies and went on a trip for several months - but not just as a tourist, but got a temporary job in order to better study the place and people. He fished with pomors on the White Sea, was an organ-grinder in Italy and a shoe-polisher on the Volga pier.
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When the Russo-Japanese War began, Zalmanov became a military doctor and received the rank of colonel of medical service. At the front, he realized that his qualifications, knowledge and skills were insufficient, and at the end of the war he continued his studies. He trained in various European clinics and institutes, with the most advanced doctors of that time: in Marburg, Tubingin, Vienna, Florence, Naples, Bologna and Paris.
Resort for Rosa Luxemburg and Klara Zetkin
Klara Zetkin and Rosa Luxemburg
In 1906, Zalmanov settled in Italy, in the resort town of Nervi, and two years later became the director of the local pulmonary and cardiology sanatorium. In 1907 he was elected an extraordinary member of the Royal Genoese Medical Academy, and in 1911 he received an Italian doctor of medicine degree.
Many leaders of the Russian revolution often came to the sanatorium, located on the picturesque shore of the Gulf of Genoa in the Ligurian Sea: George Plekhanov, Klara Zetkin, Rosa Luxemburg, Inessa Armand. Surviving sailors from the battleship Potemkin, who he helped to find work and borrowed money, turned to Dr. Zalmanov.
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In Nervi, Zalmanov used the then hydrotherapeutic procedures of pastor Sebastian Kneipp, the founder of the German school of water quenching. Abram Solomonovich himself described these procedures as follows:
“The patient put on a sleeveless vest dipped in cold water, on top of which a double flannel vest with long sleeves was also worn. The patient remained in this wrap all night, in the morning he was rubbed his whole body with a horsehair glove soaked in cold water. The results were very satisfactory in all patients suffering from lung diseases, including cavernous tuberculosis. "
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Married to Countess Olga Sivers, in Nervi Zalmanov came close to Zlata Lopatina, the niece of revolutionary German Lopatin. In 1912, they had a daughter, Lydia (Little), and after that they lived for a while the three of them: one husband and two wives, one official, the second civil. But Lopatina did not live with them very long - according to the recollections of her granddaughter, she often said that "a real woman should not have men and cockroaches in the house."
Abram Zalmanov arrived at the front ten days after he learned that the First World War had begun. He left a comfortable place as director of an Italian sanatorium and returned to Russia. As head physician, he led five ambulance trains and personally transported wounded from the front line. Then, at the front in the winter of 1914-1915, Abram Solomonovich suffered from typhus with ulceration of the larynx.
Back in October 1914, the writer Alexei Tolstoy, who served as a war correspondent during the First World War, visited a medical train whose commandant was Zalmanov. In his article “Across Galicia,” Tolstoy wrote: “The cheerful and humorous spirit in our train is supported by Abram Solomonovich Zalmanov. He is a man with indefatigable strength and terrible greed for life. He was short, handsome, clean-shaven, black, with eyes always exactly innocent. From the orderly to the doctor, everyone on our train gradually inspired Zalmanov with this elevated attitude: whether to work, to rest, or to give all his strength to fun. Some still resist, of course, but the youth took his spirit, and our train is considered exemplary. "
After fifty, Zalmanov himself recalled this acquaintance as follows: “I remained the same mischievous student who drove my friend A.N. Tolstoy during the war of 1914 on a chain and showed him as the son of the Persian queen and leopard. Tolstoy took a hat in his mouth and tried to collect the coppers. "Patients gathered in a crowd did not put coppers, but believed in Tolstoy’s zoological and heraldic origin."
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Returning to Moscow, Zalmanov became the chief physician of the soldiers' hospitals on Mius and Presnya. And since 1916 - the editor of a monthly medical journal published by the Moscow City Administration and dedicated to the development of clinical observations of tens of thousands of patients among fighters and civilians.
Until April 1918, Zalmanov worked in two hospitals - infectious and therapeutic. In August, he was appointed the first head of the Main Resort Management and at the same time the head of the tuberculosis control department, at the same time he founded a balneological institute in Moscow. Abram Solomonovich managed to participate in legislative work - thanks to his efforts, a law was passed prohibiting the construction of factories closer than 15 kilometers from cities.
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In October 1918, Dr. Zalmanov was summoned to the Kremlin to treat Vladimir Lenin, his wife Nadezhda Krupskaya and sister Maria Ulyanova
In the sixties, in a letter to retired Major General Mikhail Yeremin, who was collecting documents for the Lenin Museum, Zalmanov said: “Vladimir Ilyich wanted to meet me personally in October 1918, when I was in Moscow. He lived in three small rooms. There was no elevator. Nadezhda Konstantinovna had Bazedov’s disease. My heart was enlarged, and it took me a lot of work to insist that a lift be built, since it was very difficult for her weak heart to go up to the third floor. The atmosphere was Spartan. With difficulty, I managed to transfer Krupskaya to a children's sanatorium in Sokolniki for a single month. Occasionally, after long reminders, I managed to persuade Lenin to ride in an open car. He was an extremely naughty patient. ”
A year after returning from the Crimea, Zalmanov thought for the umpteenth time that he was still not sufficiently educated. “In November 1921,” he recalled many years later, “when I accumulated awareness of the incompleteness of my knowledge, I shared my moral condition with Vladimir Ilyich. He asked: “And if you give me the opportunity to go abroad?” I replied that I would try to find something new in the basics. The next day I received a passport, money for a trip and a place in a diplomatic car. Gil, the driver of Lenin, drove me to the station. ”
Zalmanov went to Germany. There he became acquainted with a book by the Danish physiologist August Krogh about the anatomy and physiology of capillaries, which was awarded the 1920 Nobel Prize. The ideas formulated by Krog made a huge impression on Zalmanov, and he, 46, went to study again - to the follower of Krog, Professor Müller in Tübingen.
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According to the memoirs of the Italian professor and medical historian Mario Mancini, Krog’s book was a revelation for Zalmanov: “If he was still dunno, now he felt that medicine was in his hands. The capillaries in his mind produced an action similar to an apple for Newton and a pendulum for Galileo. He wanted to decipher what specialization made inaccessible for this decryption: the human body in its solemn integrity. "Zalmanov argued that there is not a single disease accompanied by morphological changes, there is not a single functional disorder in which the condition of the capillaries would not be the primary factor."
Over the next eight years, Zalmanov studied thousands of works on the study of capillaries, visited clinics in Berlin and practiced a lot. At the same time, he worked at the Institute of Pathology, at the institutes of physiology and colloid chemistry and studied hydrotherapy with Dr. Kneipp, whose methods he used in the sanatorium in Nervi.
Zalmanov was very dissatisfied with the main direction in which medicine developed in the 20th century, and believed that antibiotics and chemical preparations interfere too roughly with the body, making it difficult for him to cope with the true causes of the disease. He was looking for a way to treat complex diseases through rejuvenation of capillaries.
The solution discovered by Zalmanov turned out to be ridiculously simple - a bath with the addition of an emulsion made from coniferous turpentine
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By exciting millions of receptors, the emulsion was able to restore the blood supply to the capillaries, as a result of which the cells again began to receive enough oxygen and nutrients.
In one of his books, he wrote: “Before applying antibiotic treatment, let the polybiotic act. To do this, restore blood circulation in the capillaries, that is, purify the blood, restore its circulation, remove harmful substances from the blood, open the way for phagocytosis, wash the microbes with circulating plasma; then it sticks together, precipitates, neutralizes and eliminates the invading microbes, as the water in the river removes its sewage, because there are more antibodies in every drop of blood than in all the laboratories of the world. ”
The main principles of the system of Dr. Zalmanov
The outcome of any disease is determined by the state of blood circulation, respiration, liver, digestion, renal and skin secretions, and the level of their microcirculation largely determines this condition. Therefore, turpentine hyperthermic baths and hot chest wraps affecting the microblood formed the basis of his technique.
Any disease is associated with a slowdown or stoppage of blood circulation in any part of the body. There are also no diseases without slowing down the movement of intercellular fluids. With stagnation of blood in the capillary vessels, there is an opportunity for the invasion of various microbes.
A well-known natural substance - gum turpentine - can indirectly, through the skin, have a beneficial effect on capillaries. But at the same time it has a strong irritating effect on the skin. To mitigate this effect, Zalmanov developed formulations of special turpentine bath mixtures as the main method he called capillary therapy.
Treatment of infectious diseases with the use of hyperthermic and turpentine baths occurs due to the fact that the temperature of blood and intercellular fluids rises, and this leads to the combustion of protein toxins and elimination of microbial and protein poisons through the lymph, blood and kidneys.
In the early thirties, it became unsafe for a Jewish doctor with a Soviet passport to be in Germany, and Zalmanov, together with his third wife and two sons, moved to Paris, where he lived until his death. In Paris, Abram Solomonovich opened a capillary therapy clinic. Two hundred patients older than 75 years, having undergone a course of treatment there, attested to its high efficiency; France's Minister of Health has become a passionate advocate for Zalmanov’s method. Doctors from Russia were also successful in Italian sanatorium baths - they were taken by thousands of Europeans who want to rejuvenate blood vessels. Zalmanov’s baths were even accepted by the leaders of the Third Reich.
In 1940, in Paris occupied by the Germans, 65-year-old Abram Zalmanov suffered a heart attack. While he was in the hospital, someone reported that a Jew was in one of the wards
Zalmanov was supposed to be arrested, but his son Andrei saved him, who dressed as an SS officer and, according to forged documents, took his father out of the hospital.
In June 1941, after the official start of the war with the USSR, Zalmanov was still arrested as a Soviet citizen. He was brought in for questioning and put in front of a young SS officer sitting in a chair. Abram Solomonovich said that he was a general of the Russian medical service and had never heard that juniors in any army were sitting, not offering elders to sit down. After that, he sat in interrogations. German officers saluted him. Soon he was released under police surveillance, but he continued to secretly treat Resistance fighters.
In 1952, the French Ministry of Health officially approved the composition of turpentine emulsions and solutions used by Zalmanov. In 1958, at the age of 83, Abram Solomonovich wrote his first book, Secrets and Wisdom of the Body. It was published in France and immediately translated into German and Italian.
In 1960, the second book was published - "The Miracle of Life", in 1965 - the third, "Thousands of Ways to Heal." The author sent a copy of the first book to his nephew Mikhail Shtikh with the caption: “To my dear, dear Misha, in memory of an elderly, but not outdated companion of our youth. “To die young for 90 years!” All his life he was faithful to this slogan. Yours A. Zalmanov. Paris 1-IX-1961. "
They had not communicated for many years and correspondence ensued. 86-year-old Zalmanov wrote from Paris about himself: “My dear Mishuha. For all my life I have not had to work as much in the ultra-condensed time as the last three years, when I managed to become a super-young writer at an extra-venerable age. In addition to receiving four times a week at six hours of work, I should look through two French newspapers, one Italian, two French weekly newspapers, one Swiss, not to mention the medical and biological literature.
Yesterday I received a letter from a Moscow professor, a major physiologist, who in absentia wants to be treated with me according to my method. I have never counted on intellectual flirting with the Academician, for I was, am and remain an ultra-anti-academic and remained the same mischievous student.
At the reception, the healed patients look at me dog-like with devoted eyes, almost sing a requiem in honor of my solemn sunset, and when I go outside after my medical mass, I want to raise my dog-like leg by the lamp to dazzle with my gesture the ultra-chic Parisian the lady. "
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